Life cycle assessment of HFC-134a production by calcium carbide acetylene route in China

HFC-134a is a widely used environment-friendly refrigerant. At present, China is the largest producer of HFC-134a in the world. The production of HFC-134a in China mainly adopts the calcium carbide acetylene route. However, the production route has high resource and energy consumption and large waste emission, and few of the studies addressed on the environmental performance of its production process. This study quantified the environmental performance of HFC-134a production by calcium carbide route via carrying out a life cycle assessment (LCA) using the CML 2001 method. And uncertainty analysis by Monte-Carlo simulation was also carried out. The results showed that electricity had the most impact on the environment, followed by steam, hydrogen fluoride and chlorine, and the impact of direct CO₂ emissions in calcium carbide production stage on the global warming effect also could not be ignored. Therefore, the clean energy (e.g., wind, solar, biomass, and natural gas) was used to replace coal-based electricity and coal-fired steam in this study, showing considerable environmental benefits. At the same time, the use of advanced production technologies could also improve environmental benefits, and the environmental impact of the global warming category could be reduced by 4.1% via using CO₂ capture and purification technology. The Chinese database of HFC-134a production established in this study provides convenience for the relevant study of scholars. For the production of HFC-134a, this study helps to better identify the specific environmental hotspots and proposes useful ways to improve the environmental benefits.     

Performance analysis of the ejector-expansion refrigeration cycle using zeotropic mixtures

To evaluate the performance of the ejector-expansion refrigeration cycle (EERC) using zeotropic mixtures, a numerical study is conducted. A constant-pressure two-phase ejector model for zeotropic mixtures is established. The effects of both the fluid composition and the working conditions are investigated. Mixture R134a/R143a is selected as the working and the simulation results reveal that, the cycle COP increases first and then decreases as MF_t (the mass fraction of R134a) increases in the researched condition. The COP gets a maximum value of 4.18 with MF_t of 0.9 and yields a minimum value of 3.66 with MF_t of 0.5. With mixture 0.9/0.1, the COP improvement reaches a maximum value of 10.47%. This improvement rises at high condensing temperature or low evaporating temperature. The exergy analysis shows that the compressor and ejector contribute the most exergy destruction, and the cycle exergy efficiency achieves a maximum value with MF_t of 0.7.     

Fracture toughness of zirconia from a shallow notch produced by ultra-short pulsed laser ablation

Fracture toughness of submicron grain size tetragonal zirconia polycrystals doped with 3 mol% yttria (3Y-TZP) is measured by the single edge V-notch beam (SEVNB) method from a shallow sharp notch produced by ultra-short pulsed femtolaser ablation (UPLA) on the surface of a bending bar. It is shown that the radius of the notch tip achieved is in the submicron range and the damaged volume in front of the notch tip is characterized by using focus ion beam milling and scanning electron microscopy. It consists of a narrow fully microcracked region less than ∼4 μm wide and ∼15 μm deep in front of the notch. If the extension of this region and the length of the notch are used in the determination of the fracture toughness (K_Ic) in the four bending test, the values obtained for submicron grain size 3Y-TZP are in agreement those obtained by using very sharp cracks. It is concluded that the SEVNB testing method with a sharp notch induced by UPLA may be used for K_Ic testing of submicron grain size ceramics.     

激励方式对锆钛酸铅钡锶压电陶瓷介电性能的影响

采用扎膜工艺和固相反应法制备了(Pb0.70Ba0.26Sr0.04)(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3(PBSZT)压电陶瓷。通过扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射表征PBSZT陶瓷的结构和物相组成,用电容介损测试仪表征压电陶瓷的介电性能与激励场强,通过自建电路集成直流电源、标准电容,在低频频率特性测试仪上得到偏场强度对压电陶瓷介电性能的影响关系。结果表明:压电陶瓷材料的介电性能随着加载的电场强度的增大先逐渐升高,而后出现拐点开始降低;在偏压电场中,自由电容CT随正向偏场强度的增加逐渐减小,但随着反向偏场强度的增加逐渐增大。tanδ则随着正、反偏场强度的增加均呈现上升;压电陶瓷的机电耦合系数kp与偏场强度的关系是以0点为界,随着负偏场增强,kp略显下降,反之,随正偏场增强,kp缓慢增大。因此,压电陶瓷应用时应避开强场损耗高点;并在环境中施加正向偏场,有助于抑制压电陶瓷性能衰减。     

Drying of Burdock Root Cubes Using a Microwave-Assisted Pulsed Spouted Bed Dryer and Quality Evaluation of the Dried Cubes

Burdock cube samples were dried using hot air and microwave pulsed spouted bed drying (MPSBD). Hot air drying was carried out at three temperatures (70, 80, and 90°C). MPSBD was carried out at three microwave power levels (1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 W/g). The results showed that MPSBD samples dried at 2.0 W/g for 30 min and at 1.0 W/g for 40 min had desirable color, flavor, and textural attributes. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry results showed that the samples dried using MPSBD were richer in flavor compounds, especially in esters, compared to the hot air–dried samples.     

脉冲占空比对Ni-W合金镀层耐蚀性的影响

采用脉冲电沉积方法在纯铜基体上制备出Ni-W合金镀层。研究了脉冲占空比(30%~60%)对镀层表面形貌、结构、成分和耐蚀性的影响。结果表明:制得的Ni-W合金镀层表面致密、平整,W的质量分数在46.84%~49.24%范围内窄幅波动,具有非晶态结构。脉冲占空比为50%时制得的镀层的耐蚀性最好。在3.5%的NaCl溶液中,自腐蚀电位较正,自腐蚀电流密度最小,电荷转移电阻最大。     

乙烯装置原料多样性优化分析

武汉800 kt/a乙烯装置在开车成功后,结合中原地区原料来源多样,原料组成复杂的特点,通过对原料组成和裂解炉产品收率分析,得到原料种类优化方向,并对裂解炉工艺操作等方面进行细化,配合原料多样性的调整。     

负荷适应在变压吸附制氮设备中的实验研究

文章用实验的方法对负荷适应在变压吸附制氮应用进行研究,用实验确定了负荷适应的工艺纯度切换点,通过对流量范围的调节,观察出口氮气纯度和吸附周期的稳定性,同时比较了负荷适应与非负荷适应的回收率,实验结果对于负荷适应在变压吸附制氮机中的应用有着较高的实用价值。     

加压灰熔聚气化炉工业运行分析

以天溪煤制油分公司灰熔聚气化炉的生产运行为例,分析了对入炉原料煤的指标要求,介绍了灰熔聚气化炉设备结构及流化床的物料循环机理,分析了灰熔聚气化炉在不同的分布板气速、中心管气速、氧气浓度条件下的运行状况。工业运行结果表明,首套加压灰熔聚气化炉生产运行稳定,且能满足相关地区就地取材的要求。     

机械搅拌澄清池对低温高稳定原水处理调试

分析低温高稳定性原水的特性以及斜管机械搅拌澄清池的运行参数,首先查明澄清池出水浊度不达标的原因,然后提出机械搅拌澄清池的调试方案。通过对投加混凝剂药量的调节,排泥周期和搅拌机转速的调节,使得澄清池出水浊度能够达标。